ARGUMENTATIVE TEXT AND HORTATORY TEXT

A. Argumentative Text

• Definitation

Argumentation text is a text that contains the author's opinion accompanied by reasons and proofs supported by facts, delivered logically and objectively, aiming to convince and influence readers.

• Purpose

1. Expressing a view : Argumentation texts aim to reveal the author's views or stance. This is because each individual has their own opinions, views and theories. Thus, this text expresses a view on a problem in writing. 
2. Behavioral influence : Argumentation texts aim to influence behavior, when the author's views or opinions are presented logically and based on data. As a result, the reader will agree and influence the reader's behavior in responding to an issue. 
3. Attracting attention : Attracting readers' sympathy from the writer's writing begins with a research process. Literature review is also needed or interviews if needed to bind the reader's attention.
4. Prove the truth : Proving a truth must be logical, because argumentation is an effort to prove the truth logically. This method anticipates confusing news in the community.

• Characteristics

1. The nature of truth and evidence

Argumentation text can be seen to be true through the way the writing is presented. This is the basic strength to convince the reader of the content of the writing presented.

2. Has a strong reason

Argumentation text must have strong reasons. Readers will not be convinced by the writing if the way it is written is not correct. When the reader knows that the writing is sourced from credible data, they will automatically believe in the writing.

3. Use denotative language

Argumentation texts are written in denotative or actual language and are not convoluted. Word diction that is not directly to the point will raise doubts for the reader, especially if it is fictional writing that is not based on data and facts.

4. Rational analysis

Argumentation texts are written based on rational analysis or facts. To support the writing, you can also use previous research as reinforcement.

5. Limit the subject and emotional

Limiting subjects and emotions means that when writing argumentation text, it must be written objectively and not involve personal feelings. Especially for opinion writers to avoid this type of writing. 

• Types

1.   Cause and Effect

This is a type of paragraph that is written based on the data discussed. This text also leads to the effect produced by the previous cause. To know this, a conjunction must be placed, such as therefore, therefore, and thus.

2.   The result of the cause

This paragraph is written by presenting the effect first and then the cause at the end. Data and facts should not be left out of this element.

3.   Argumentative equation

An argument that is written by expressing the principle of equality before concluding. The conclusion must be based on strong data and done logically.

• General Structure

1. Thesis : The thesis in argumentation text is a problem that occurs and is made to attract the attention of the reader.
2. Main argument/body of argument : After explaining the basis of the problem accompanied by a brief argument, the next part is the part that supports the argument with facts.
3. Conclusion : The final part of the argumentation text is the author's summary. The content of the conclusion is made more concise by presenting logical thoughts that are easily captured by the reader. 

• Language Features

1. The rules for writing argumentation texts consist of adverbial words or fructifical adverbs whose meaning is related to repetition. Examples of these words are sometimes, rarely, always, and so on.
2. Connecting words to combine sentences in the text, such as or, with, that, although, even, and so on. There are also mental verbs, which are verbs that show the attitude or action of the subject in the sentence, such as enjoy, hear, smell, or hear.
3.  Relational verbs that function as sentence complements or explanations of something, such as is, classified, and so on. 

• Example

The Importance Of Putting Trash In Its Place 

- Thesis:

 

Since the beginning of the 2010 decade, waste accumulation has become one of the problems faced by Indonesian society. Waste that is not managed properly is piled up, causing environmental pollution and natural disasters, such as floods and landslides.

 

- Body of Argument: 

 

Based on data from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) of the Republic of Indonesia, by 2023 there will be 18.3 million tons of waste dumped in Indonesia every year. This also makes Indonesia the fifth largest waste-producing country in the world.

 

Not without reason, this landfill occurs due to the lack of good and correct waste management in Indonesia. In addition, there are still many Indonesians who are not disciplined regarding environmental cleanliness. There are still many people who litter or cut down forests and trees illegally.

 

Therefore, the best solution to overcome this waste accumulation problem is the establishment of strict regulations and laws related to waste management, as well as strict sanctions for people who violate these laws and regulations.

- Conclusion: 

It's not too late for us to start a cleaner and healthier habit by managing waste properly. That way, the accumulation of waste in Indonesia will no longer happen.

 

B. Hortatory Text 

• Definitation

Hortatory exposition text is a type of text that aims to convince the reader to decide or perform an action.

• Purpose

It aims to expose and influence the reader that something should or should not be so, which in turn convinces the reader to take an action and to do so. 

•  Characteristics

1. Focuses on the author
2. Uses present-tense
3. Uses conjunctions
4. Uses evaluative words
5. Uses passive voice
6. Uses action verbs and thinking verbs
7. Using modal adverbs

• General Structure

1.     Thesis

A notice of the issue to be discussed. In this section, the author will present the subject matter in a simple manner. Not to forget, the author's partisanship is also visible in this structure, which can be in a contra or pro position.

2.     Arguments

This part contains a series of arguments to convince the audience which contain significant facts to support the thesis statement.

3.     Recommendation

The last structure of hortatory exposition text is recommendation. In it, the writer will write a statement about what should or should not happen. The writer will also persuade the reader to do something.

•  Language Features

1. Uses simple present tense, because this text describes an opinion that is not bound by time references.
2. It presents an argument, so there are conjunctions such as firstly, secondly, furthermore, in addition, and others.
3.  There are relating verbs, modal verbs, thinking verbs, and action verbs.
4.  Use evaluative words such as important, valuable, etc. Use passive voice or passive sentences.

• Example

The Importance of Reading

- Thesis

In my personal opinion, reading is a very important activity in our lives. Why do I say so?

- Argument

First, by reading we can get a lot of knowledge about various things in the world such as Science, technology, sports, arts, culture, and so on that are written in books, magazines, newspapers, and so on.

Second, by reading we can get a lot of news and information about something that happens in any part of the world that we can see directly.

Another reason is that reading can also give us pleasure. When we are tired, we read books, novels, comics, newspapers or magazines that have entertainment columns such as comedies, short stories, quizzes, and others. To make us relax.

Finally, reading can also take us to other parts of the world. By reading a book about Irian Jaya, you will feel like you are in the jungle, not in your room.

- Recommendation

From the facts above, it is clear that everyone needs to read to gain knowledge, information and also entertainment. Or in summary, it can be said that reading is a very important thing in our lives.

 

C. Difference between argumentation and hortatory

It can be concluded that the difference between argumentation and hortatory texts lies in the purpose and final delivery of the text. Argumentation text is a text that contains an explanation of an opinion or fact according to the author's point of view which aims to influence or convince the reader. In argumentation text, the reader is only influenced and given an explanation of an opinion that is logically conveyed and the reader is convinced by the opinion. While Hortatory Text is a type of text that aims to convince the reader to decide or take an action, and influence the reader that something should or should not happen, which ultimately convinces the reader to take an action and have to do it. So this hortatory text convinces and invites readers to take a certain action. Then for the final delivery, the argument text only summarizes the information that has been discussed, while the hortatory text contains recommendations and suggestions for taking a given action.